The Department of Veterans Affairs (the federal agency that provides healthcare and benefits to former military members) would be required to hire the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine—a group of independent scientific experts—to research how common cancer is, and how many people it has killed, among veterans who served as aircrew members flying regularly on fixed-wing aircraft (planes with fixed wings, as opposed to helicopters). This affects veterans who spent their service flying in these aircraft, since the study would look specifically at their health outcomes. The bill itself doesn't create new benefits or compensation—it just requires this research to happen and be reported on.